<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!-- $Revision$ -->
<refentry xml:id="function.oci-fetch-array" xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook">
 <refnamediv>
  <refname>oci_fetch_array</refname>
  <refpurpose>Returns the next row from a query as an associative or numeric array
  </refpurpose>
 </refnamediv>
 
 <refsect1 role="description">
  &reftitle.description;
  <methodsynopsis>
   <type class="union"><type>array</type><type>false</type></type><methodname>oci_fetch_array</methodname>
   <methodparam><type>resource</type><parameter>statement</parameter></methodparam>
   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>int</type><parameter>mode</parameter><initializer>OCI_BOTH | OCI_RETURN_NULLS</initializer></methodparam>
  </methodsynopsis>
  <para>
   Returns an array containing the next result-set row of a query.
   Each array entry corresponds to a column of the row.  This function
   is typically called in a loop until it returns &false;, indicating
   no more rows exist.
  </para>
  <para>
   If <parameter>statement</parameter> corresponds to a PL/SQL block
   returning Oracle Database Implicit Result Sets, then rows from
   all sets are consecutively fetched. If
   <parameter>statement</parameter> is returned
   by <function>oci_get_implicit_resultset</function>, then only the
   subset of rows for one child query are returned.
  </para>
  &oci.datatypes;
 </refsect1>

 <refsect1 role="parameters">
  &reftitle.parameters;
  <para>
   <variablelist>
    <varlistentry>
     <term><parameter>statement</parameter></term>
     <listitem>
       &oci.arg.statement.id;
       <para>
        Can also be a statement identifier returned by <function>oci_get_implicit_resultset</function>.
       </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
    <varlistentry>
     <term><parameter>mode</parameter></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       An optional second parameter can be any combination of the following
       constants:
       <table>
        <title><function>oci_fetch_array</function> Modes</title>
        <tgroup cols="2">
         <thead>
          <row>
           <entry>Constant</entry>
           <entry>Description</entry>
          </row>
         </thead>
         <tbody>
          <row>
           <entry><constant>OCI_BOTH</constant></entry>
           <entry>Returns an array with both associative and numeric
            indices. This is the same
            as <constant>OCI_ASSOC</constant>
            + <constant>OCI_NUM</constant> and is the default
            behavior.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
           <entry><constant>OCI_ASSOC</constant></entry>
           <entry>Returns an associative array.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
           <entry><constant>OCI_NUM</constant></entry>
           <entry>Returns a numeric array.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
           <entry><constant>OCI_RETURN_NULLS</constant></entry>
           <entry>Creates elements for &null; fields.  The element
             values will be a PHP &null;.
           </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
           <entry><constant>OCI_RETURN_LOBS</constant></entry>
           <entry>Returns the contents of LOBs instead of the LOB
             descriptors.</entry>
          </row>
         </tbody>
        </tgroup>
       </table>
      </para>
      <para>
       The default <parameter>mode</parameter> is <constant>OCI_BOTH</constant>.
      </para>
      <para>
       Use the addition operator &quot;+&quot; to specify more than
       one mode at a time.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
   </variablelist>

  </para>
 </refsect1>

 <refsect1 role="returnvalues">
  &reftitle.returnvalues;
  <para>
   Returns an array with associative and/or numeric indices. If there
   are no more rows in the <parameter>statement</parameter> then
   &false; is returned.
  </para>
  <para>
    By default, <literal>LOB</literal> columns are returned as LOB descriptors.
  </para>
  <para>
   <literal>DATE</literal> columns are returned as strings formatted
   to the current date format.  The default format can be changed with
   Oracle environment variables such as <literal>NLS_LANG</literal> or
   by a previously executed <literal>ALTER SESSION SET
   NLS_DATE_FORMAT</literal> command.
  </para>
  <para>
   Oracle's default, non-case sensitive column names will have
   uppercase associative indices in the result array.  Case-sensitive
   column names will have array indices using the exact column case.
   Use <function>var_dump</function> on the result array to verify the
   appropriate case to use for each query. 
  </para>
  <para>
   The table name is not included in the array index.  If your query
   contains two different columns with the same name,
   use <constant>OCI_NUM</constant> or add a column alias to the query
   to ensure name uniqueness, see example #7. Otherwise only one
   column will be returned via PHP.
  </para>
 </refsect1>

 <refsect1 role="examples">
  &reftitle.examples;
  <para>
   <example>
    <title><function>oci_fetch_array</function> with <constant>OCI_BOTH</constant></title>
    <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php

$conn = oci_connect('hr', 'welcome', 'localhost/XE');
if (!$conn) {
    $e = oci_error();
    trigger_error(htmlentities($e['message'], ENT_QUOTES), E_USER_ERROR);
}

$stid = oci_parse($conn, 'SELECT department_id, department_name FROM departments');
oci_execute($stid);

while (($row = oci_fetch_array($stid, OCI_BOTH)) != false) {
    // Use the uppercase column names for the associative array indices
    echo $row[0] . " and " . $row['DEPARTMENT_ID']   . " are the same<br>\n";
    echo $row[1] . " and " . $row['DEPARTMENT_NAME'] . " are the same<br>\n";
}

oci_free_statement($stid);
oci_close($conn);

?>
]]>
    </programlisting>
   </example>
  </para>
  <para>
   <example>
    <title><function>oci_fetch_array</function> with <constant>OCI_NUM</constant></title>
    <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php

/*
  Before running, create the table:
      CREATE TABLE mytab (id NUMBER, description CLOB);
      INSERT INTO mytab (id, description) values (1, 'A very long string');
      COMMIT;
*/

$conn = oci_connect('hr', 'welcome', 'localhost/XE');
if (!$conn) {
    $e = oci_error();
    trigger_error(htmlentities($e['message'], ENT_QUOTES), E_USER_ERROR);
}

$stid = oci_parse($conn, 'SELECT id, description FROM mytab');
oci_execute($stid);

while (($row = oci_fetch_array($stid, OCI_NUM)) != false) {
    echo $row[0] . "<br>\n";
    echo $row[1]->read(11) . "<br>\n"; // this will output first 11 bytes from DESCRIPTION
}

// Output is:
//    1
//    A very long

oci_free_statement($stid);
oci_close($conn);

?>
]]>
    </programlisting>
   </example>
  </para>
  <para>
   <example>
    <title><function>oci_fetch_array</function> with <constant>OCI_ASSOC</constant></title>
    <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php

/*
  Before running, create the table:
      CREATE TABLE mytab (id NUMBER, description CLOB);
      INSERT INTO mytab (id, description) values (1, 'A very long string');
      COMMIT;
*/

$conn = oci_connect('hr', 'welcome', 'localhost/XE');
if (!$conn) {
    $e = oci_error();
    trigger_error(htmlentities($e['message'], ENT_QUOTES), E_USER_ERROR);
}

$stid = oci_parse($conn, 'SELECT id, description FROM mytab');
oci_execute($stid);

while (($row = oci_fetch_array($stid, OCI_ASSOC)) != false) {
    echo $row['ID'] . "<br>\n";
    echo $row['DESCRIPTION']->read(11) . "<br>\n"; // this will output first 11 bytes from DESCRIPTION
}

// Output is:
//    1
//    A very long

oci_free_statement($stid);
oci_close($conn);

?>
]]>
    </programlisting>
   </example>
  </para>
  <para>
   <example>
    <title><function>oci_fetch_array</function> with <constant>OCI_RETURN_NULLS</constant></title>
    <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php

$conn = oci_connect('hr', 'welcome', 'localhost/XE');
if (!$conn) {
    $e = oci_error();
    trigger_error(htmlentities($e['message'], ENT_QUOTES), E_USER_ERROR);
}

$stid = oci_parse($conn, 'SELECT 1, null FROM dual');
oci_execute($stid);
while (($row = oci_fetch_array ($stid, OCI_ASSOC)) != false) { // Ignore NULLs
    var_dump($row);
}

/*
The above code prints:
  array(1) {
    [1]=>
    string(1) "1"
  }
*/

$stid = oci_parse($conn, 'SELECT 1, null FROM dual');
oci_execute($stid);
while (($row = oci_fetch_array ($stid, OCI_ASSOC+OCI_RETURN_NULLS)) != false) { // Fetch NULLs
    var_dump($row);
}

/*
The above code prints:
  array(2) {
    [1]=>
    string(1) "1"
    ["NULL"]=>
    NULL
  }
*/

?>
]]>
    </programlisting>
   </example>
  </para>
  <para>
   <example>
    <title><function>oci_fetch_array</function> with <constant>OCI_RETURN_LOBS</constant></title>
    <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php

/*
  Before running, create the table:
      CREATE TABLE mytab (id NUMBER, description CLOB);
      INSERT INTO mytab (id, description) values (1, 'A very long string');
      COMMIT;
*/

$conn = oci_connect('hr', 'welcome', 'localhost/XE');
if (!$conn) {
    $e = oci_error();
    trigger_error(htmlentities($e['message'], ENT_QUOTES), E_USER_ERROR);
}

$stid = oci_parse($conn, 'SELECT id, description FROM mytab');
oci_execute($stid);

while (($row = oci_fetch_array($stid, OCI_ASSOC+OCI_RETURN_LOBS)) != false) {
    echo $row['ID'] . "<br>\n";
    echo $row['DESCRIPTION'] . "<br>\n"; // this contains all of DESCRIPTION
    // In a loop, freeing the large variable before the 2nd fetch reduces PHP's peak memory usage
    unset($row); 
}

// Output is:
//    1
//    A very long string

oci_free_statement($stid);
oci_close($conn);

?>
]]>
    </programlisting>
   </example>
  </para>
  <para>
   <example>
    <title><function>oci_fetch_array</function> with case sensitive column names</title>
    <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php

/*
   Before running, create the table:
      CREATE TABLE mytab ("Name" VARCHAR2(20), city VARCHAR2(20));
      INSERT INTO mytab ("Name", city) values ('Chris', 'Melbourne');
      COMMIT;
*/

$conn = oci_connect('hr', 'welcome', 'localhost/XE');
if (!$conn) {
    $e = oci_error();
    trigger_error(htmlentities($e['message'], ENT_QUOTES), E_USER_ERROR);
}

$stid = oci_parse($conn, 'select * from mytab');
oci_execute($stid);
$row = oci_fetch_array($stid, OCI_ASSOC+OCI_RETURN_NULLS);

// Because 'Name' was created as a case-sensitive column, that same
// case is used for the array index.  However uppercase 'CITY' must
// be used for the case-insensitive column index
print $row['Name'] . "<br>\n";   //  prints Chris
print $row['CITY'] . "<br>\n";   //  prints Melbourne

oci_free_statement($stid);
oci_close($conn);

?>
]]>
    </programlisting>
   </example>
  </para>
  <para>
   <example>
    <title><function>oci_fetch_array</function> with columns having duplicate names</title>
    <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php

/*
  Before running, create the tables:
      CREATE TABLE mycity (id NUMBER, name VARCHAR2(20));
      INSERT INTO mycity (id, name) values (1, 'Melbourne');
      CREATE TABLE mycountry (id NUMBER, name VARCHAR2(20));
      INSERT INTO mycountry (id, name) values (1, 'Australia');
      COMMIT;
*/

$conn = oci_connect('hr', 'welcome', 'localhost/XE');
if (!$conn) {
    $e = oci_error();
    trigger_error(htmlentities($e['message'], ENT_QUOTES), E_USER_ERROR);
}

$sql = 'SELECT mycity.name, mycountry.name
        FROM mycity, mycountry
        WHERE mycity.id = mycountry.id';
$stid = oci_parse($conn, $sql);
oci_execute($stid);
$row = oci_fetch_array($stid, OCI_ASSOC);
var_dump($row);

// Output only contains one "NAME" entry:
//    array(1) {
//      ["NAME"]=>
//      string(9) "Australia"
//    }

// To query a repeated column name, use an SQL column alias like "AS ctnm":
$sql = 'SELECT mycity.name AS ctnm, mycountry.name 
        FROM mycity, mycountry 
        WHERE mycity.id = mycountry.id';
$stid = oci_parse($conn, $sql);
oci_execute($stid);
$row = oci_fetch_array($stid, OCI_ASSOC);
var_dump($row);

// Output now contains both columns selected:
//    array(2) {
//      ["CTNM"]=>
//      string(9) "Melbourne"
//      ["NAME"]=>
//      string(9) "Australia"
//    }


oci_free_statement($stid);
oci_close($conn);

?>
]]>
    </programlisting>
   </example>
  </para>
  <para>
   <example>
    <title><function>oci_fetch_array</function> with <literal>DATE</literal> columns</title>
    <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php

$conn = oci_connect('hr', 'welcome', 'localhost/XE');
if (!$conn) {
    $e = oci_error();
    trigger_error(htmlentities($e['message'], ENT_QUOTES), E_USER_ERROR);
}

// Set the date format for this connection.
// For performance reasons, consider changing the format
// in a trigger or with environment variables instead
$stid = oci_parse($conn, "ALTER SESSION SET NLS_DATE_FORMAT = 'YYYY-MM-DD'");
oci_execute($stid);

$stid = oci_parse($conn, 'SELECT hire_date FROM employees WHERE employee_id = 188');
oci_execute($stid);
$row = oci_fetch_array($stid, OCI_ASSOC);
echo $row['HIRE_DATE'] . "<br>\n";  // prints 1997-06-14

oci_free_statement($stid);
oci_close($conn);

?>
]]>
    </programlisting>
   </example>
  </para>
  <para>
   <example>
    <title><function>oci_fetch_array</function> with <literal>REF CURSOR</literal></title>
    <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
/*
  Create the PL/SQL stored procedure as:

  CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE myproc(p1 OUT SYS_REFCURSOR) AS
  BEGIN
    OPEN p1 FOR SELECT * FROM all_objects WHERE ROWNUM < 5000;
  END;
*/

$conn = oci_connect('hr', 'welcome', 'localhost/XE');
if (!$conn) {
    $e = oci_error();
    trigger_error(htmlentities($e['message'], ENT_QUOTES), E_USER_ERROR);
}

$stid = oci_parse($conn, 'BEGIN myproc(:rc); END;');
$refcur = oci_new_cursor($conn);
oci_bind_by_name($stid, ':rc', $refcur, -1, OCI_B_CURSOR);
oci_execute($stid);

// Execute the returned REF CURSOR and fetch from it like a statement identifier
oci_execute($refcur);  
echo "<table border='1'>\n";
while (($row = oci_fetch_array($refcur, OCI_ASSOC+OCI_RETURN_NULLS)) != false) {
    echo "<tr>\n";
    foreach ($row as $item) {
        echo "    <td>".($item !== null ? htmlentities($item, ENT_QUOTES) : "&nbsp;")."</td>\n";
    }
    echo "</tr>\n";
}
echo "</table>\n";

oci_free_statement($refcur);
oci_free_statement($stid);
oci_close($conn);

?> 
]]>
    </programlisting>
   </example>
  </para>
  <para>
   <example>
    <title>Pagination with <function>oci_fetch_array</function> using a <literal>LIMIT</literal>-like query</title>
    <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php

$conn = oci_connect('hr', 'welcome', 'localhost/XE');
if (!$conn) {
    $e = oci_error();
    trigger_error(htmlentities($e['message'], ENT_QUOTES), E_USER_ERROR);
}

// Find the version of the database
preg_match('/Release ([0-9]+)\./', oci_server_version($conn), $matches);
$oracleversion = $matches[1];

// This is the query you want to "page" through
$sql = 'SELECT city, postal_code FROM locations ORDER BY city';

if ($oracleversion >= 12) {
    // Make use of Oracle 12c OFFSET / FETCH NEXT syntax
    $sql = $sql . ' OFFSET :offset ROWS FETCH NEXT :numrows ROWS ONLY';
} else {
    // Older Oracle versions need a nested query selecting a subset
    // from $sql.  Or, if the SQL statement is known at development
    // time, consider using a row_number() function instead of this
    // nested solution.  In production environments, be careful to
    // avoid SQL Injection issues with concatenation.
    $sql = "SELECT * FROM (SELECT a.*, ROWNUM AS my_rnum
                           FROM ($sql) a
                           WHERE ROWNUM <= :offset + :numrows)
            WHERE my_rnum > :offset";
}

$offset  = 0;  // skip this many rows
$numrows = 5;  // return 5 rows
$stid = oci_parse($conn, $sql);
oci_bind_by_name($stid, ':numrows', $numrows);
oci_bind_by_name($stid, ':offset', $offset);
oci_execute($stid);

while (($row = oci_fetch_array($stid, OCI_ASSOC + OCI_RETURN_NULLS)) != false) {
    echo $row['CITY'] . " " . $row['POSTAL_CODE'] . "<br>\n";
}

// Output is:
//    Beijing 190518
//    Bern 3095
//    Bombay 490231
//    Geneva 1730
//    Hiroshima 6823

oci_free_statement($stid);
oci_close($conn);

?>
]]>
    </programlisting>
   </example>
  </para>
  <para>
   <example>
    <title><function>oci_fetch_array</function> with Oracle Database Implicit Result Sets</title>
    <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php

$conn = oci_connect('hr', 'welcome', 'localhost/pdborcl');
if (!$conn) {
    $e = oci_error();
    trigger_error(htmlentities($e['message'], ENT_QUOTES), E_USER_ERROR);
}

// Requires OCI8 2.0 (or later) and Oracle Database 12c (or later)
// Also see oci_get_implicit_resultset()
$sql = 'DECLARE
           c1 SYS_REFCURSOR;
        BEGIN
           OPEN c1 FOR SELECT city, postal_code FROM locations WHERE ROWNUM < 4 ORDER BY city;
           DBMS_SQL.RETURN_RESULT(c1);
           OPEN c1 FOR SELECT country_id FROM locations WHERE ROWNUM < 4 ORDER BY city;
           DBMS_SQL.RETURN_RESULT(c1);
        END;';

$stid = oci_parse($conn, $sql);
oci_execute($stid);

// Note: oci_fetch_all and oci_fetch() cannot be used in this manner
echo "<table>\n";
while (($row = oci_fetch_array($stid, OCI_ASSOC+OCI_RETURN_NULLS)) != false) {
    echo "<tr>\n";
    foreach ($row as $item) {
        echo "  <td>".($item!==null?htmlentities($item, ENT_QUOTES|ENT_SUBSTITUTE):"&nbsp;")."</td>\n";
    }
    echo "</tr>\n";
}
echo "</table>\n";

// Output is:
//    Beijing 190518
//    Bern    3095
//    Bombay  490231
//    CN
//    CH
//    IN

oci_free_statement($stid);
oci_close($conn);

?>
]]>
    </programlisting>
   </example>
  </para>
 </refsect1>

 <refsect1 role="notes">
  &reftitle.notes;
  <note>
   <para>
    Associative array indices need to be in uppercase for standard
    Oracle columns that were created with case insensitive names.
   </para>
  </note>
  <note>
   &oci.use.setprefetch;
  </note>
  <note>
   <para>
    The function <function>oci_fetch_array</function>
    is <emphasis>insignificantly</emphasis> slower than
    <function>oci_fetch_assoc</function>
    or <function>oci_fetch_row</function>, but is more flexible.
   </para>
  </note>
 </refsect1>

 <refsect1 role="seealso">
  &reftitle.seealso;
  <para>
   <simplelist>
    <member><function>oci_fetch</function></member>
    <member><function>oci_fetch_all</function></member>
    <member><function>oci_fetch_assoc</function></member>
    <member><function>oci_fetch_object</function></member>
    <member><function>oci_fetch_row</function></member>
    <member><function>oci_set_prefetch</function></member>
   </simplelist>
  </para>
 </refsect1>

</refentry>
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