/* Copyright (c) 2002, Joerg Wunsch
   Copyright (c) 2008, Atmel Corporation
   All rights reserved.

   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

   * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
   
   * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
     the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
     distribution.

   * Neither the name of the copyright holders nor the names of
     contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
     from this software without specific prior written permission.

  THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
  AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
  IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
  ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
  LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
  CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
  SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
  INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
  CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
  ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
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/* $Id: sfr.dox,v 1.6.4.1 2008/03/17 17:59:10 arcanum Exp $ */

/** \defgroup avr_sfr <avr/sfr_defs.h>: Special function registers

When working with microcontrollers, many tasks usually consist
of controlling internal peripherals, or external peripherals that are connected 
to the device. The entire IO address space is made available as 
<em>memory-mapped IO</em>, i.e. it can be accessed using all the MCU 
instructions that are applicable to normal data memory.  For most AVR devices, 
the IO register space is mapped into the data memory address space with an 
offset of 0x20 since the bottom of this space is reserved for direct access to 
the MCU registers.  (Actual SRAM is available only behind the IO register
area, starting at some specific address depending on the device.)

For example the user can access memory-mapped IO registers as if they were 
globally defined variables like this:

\code
	PORTA = 0x33;
    unsigned char foo = PINA;
\endcode

The compiler will choose the correct instruction sequence to generate based
on the address of the register being accessed.

The advantage of using the memory-mapped registers in C programs is
that it makes the programs more portable to other C compilers for the
AVR platform.

Note that special care must be taken when accessing some of the 16-bit
timer IO registers where access from both the main program and within
an interrupt context can happen.  See \ref faq_16bitio.

\par Porting programs that use the deprecated sbi/cbi macros

Access to the AVR single bit set and clear instructions
are provided via the standard C bit manipulation commands. The sbi and cbi
macros are no longer directly supported. 
sbi (sfr,bit) can be replaced by  sfr |= _BV(bit) .

i.e.: sbi(PORTB, PB1);  is now PORTB |= _BV(PB1);

This actually is more flexible than having sbi directly, as the optimizer 
will use a hardware sbi if appropriate, or a read/or/write operation if not 
appropriate. You do not need to keep track of which registers sbi/cbi will 
operate on.

Likewise, cbi (sfr,bit) is now   sfr &= ~(_BV(bit));

*/
